Apparatus for training gunners



Oct. 16, 1945. I. G. JOHNSON ETAL APPARATUS FOR TRAINING GUNNERS Filed Sept. 18., 1942 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 n R 88 mm mm mw INVENTORSI L.G.JOHNSON A.G. ROSE.

BY w, W V ATTORNEYS APPARATUS FOR TRAINING GUNNERS I. 6 0 m 5 L 2,387,153

Filed Sept. 18, "1942 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORSI L.G.JOHNSON.

A.G. ROSE.

men 1079, my,"

v ATTORNEYS;

FIG.4.

5 Sheets-Shea; 3

NE YS.

mvsu'roes. L.G.JOHNSON.'

-A.G.ROSE.

I I ,7 3mm L G. JOHNSON ET AL Filed Sept. ,18,' 1942 v APPARATUS FOR TRAINING GUNNERS Oct. 1-6, 1 945.

Oct. 16, 1945. L G, JOHNSON HAL 2,387,153

APPARATUS FOR TRAINING GUNNERS Filed Sept. 18, I942 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 H65. F IG 6. FIG].

7 H69 I mvmonsz.

L'.G.JOHNSON. AG. ROSE.

TIQRNEY Oct. 16, 1945.

APPARATUS FOR TRAINING GUNNERS Filed Sept. 18, 1942 5 Sheets- Sheet 5 FIG. I4, 76 FIGJS.

INVE NTOR S:

L.G.JOHNSON FIGJZ. A.G.ROSE.

| G. JOHNSON ET AL 87,153

ATTORNEYS Patented Oct. 16, 1945 UNITED sr-ATE S PATENT (JFFIC E [Armnerrns FQBI-TRAINING GUNNERS c mpa y" 213. Claims;

This invention relates to apparatus for use in the training of gunners in the various subjects appertaining to target practice, particularly as regards moving targets; for: example, aircraft. Examples of such subjects are target reco nition, range estimation, relative speed, tracer practicear ol turrettraining; 7

An object ofth e invention is to provide an 1 paratus capable of simulating actual target con: ditions so that demonstrations may be madeto. a number of trainees simuitaneous1y Whiiei at the same time each trainee can obtain practice under target conditions closely approaching those met with actual operations.

According to the invention, an apparatus for training gunners comprises a screen, means for. projecting a beam oilieht on to the s cre en ,,,and one or more target model's disposed withinthe beam of: light so as tov produce on the screen an image or images of said; model or models, the. arrangement being such that a relative move:- ment can be brought about between one or more of said models and. the screen and/or the light- Appli'cation September 18, 1942, Serial No. 458,894 In Great Britain September 1-8- 194 1? e01, sea-gei- 12 a d re t o we e t9 th ha f h i' e,

projecting means so as. to vary the positionangi/or size of saidimage or images onthe screen. I-here may be provided on thevscreen a representation ofa gun sight so thatv when the image of the targetmodei' is thrown on the screen it is'in super p sed e at q s p w t th en sente: tion o e sight he repr sen a n i 'the' gun sight'may' be attached permanently to the screen; or it. may" be produced b arranging. a model of the: gun sight within the beam of light so as to prod'ucean image on the. screen, or again, it may e sepa ate y molested o 91. h r e iehtr iectihe. means e e a l com pr s s the sou ce f li ht, an e a a a th beam 'i obta edt the use a me h formed with an aperture, the arrangementgbei'ng such as: to throw -on to the screen: a fairly well defined image of the target: model atlv anr posit n hin h ranee'ot theapparatu It s oun t at. w t con ntional types of lempfi t i diffiu i o a a shar imaeecf he-ta e nr fl at a y Po it on w t bh'eira g 31 ahlya near approach to such conditionswouldhe h m d vth se o a lam heviin iavery c me. pact filament anri' provid'ectwith amask qispqsed s ie' mps a 11 4. s poss b e thine aa rerh r s i h y le s than th e di' area of the filament being formed; in'thei mask a: a. pos ion in ree lw h't e iofil m trso th t ai li h ex e -th t idi et eman ing from thefiiament and passing through theaper: ture is screened. It is found in practice, however hat-if a e rth k n w m nIY us d' h a e: je'ctors is enclosedin. a house" iormeu with en e ert in line thth filam nt ofthem 1?; a d the lane is sp sed. a ns th ap rtu e 1.. esu ts sat s ac or f r h Phi ps? 9 the i ventionv an h chewe Fo p c ices n w ihhthe hr etmie a pear a dif rent r 'var 'e ehees, h ta et m y b m un ed o n e ang o av l? lon a track, towar s e -aw from th re n Q1 1 t so hat a targe m d l me Wei om th semen a d aprrq eh the sour e 1 l hh h ze 9f the ima on mm will n re eeemi ie e s i-' Parcan ride-d an d e e d ce wel n s -nehmh gh w h h carr a e m calibra d n e rdeh e' with the. scale of thetarget model? and its (11S:

h win t e a e re ent by th si el'i imagejon the sereen. The inciicati'ng, device may, nc o ate me s f o e n nt e s r en the rangeshown on the ind-icatingogeizice. target modelrmay be supporter; one pillar pive q 'ahvi mmt -d fl m v m jn a univer mane w ih re tphe ca e we mean mar he providediipr .efiecting pivotal movement voi he n ar durin the m em t f he arriage o 's e eimuh hve iwe m hie e-e t e t i get during approach.

re ineih ru eh n r a i e re si mee he vid slfe au n he t r e i fi el to mo t an e s f the b en 9 i h the? imag moves across the. screen'- In. such a case an, image ofv a gun sight. is preierably pro: jected on to the screen from aprojector attache? t the e er e s em wi which he t e carries out the practice: the normal gnneighthe-Q ingwlett. skeleton" form and harmonized with theiprgijeetozr. so that, whilst the trainee, in sight;-

ing therguil: by the skeleton sight, obtains thelimer e o a h m sishmh l hti n the sc een t a t e hamst r an et er tra'n e anbsrlwev th r t h h e r rangement, there may be attachegi'tot a syn-theticishotfi e" a-.- device 1 or-pro a was i e a b l ew; he 1'49 hew r e h the screen upon operation of a switch eeonnecteid -to megmg the gunQb y the, trainee:

It i be uheerste e t e in e io be. usedin variety efmwaysin connection'fi; 1th eh h c e e a a c a rm hu e s eh r 'ta e t h by w eiexemp a thefinvention as applied; to the training oi air" gunners, will now be described in greater detail in Figures land 2,'an'd 22-h, show a'iplan view of the apparatus shown Figures 5 to 14 illustrate the efiects obtained on the screen by the apparatus shown in Figures Referring to Figures 1 to 4,;a scalevmodel l I" is attached to a pillar l2 by means of a balljoint l3 in a readily detachable mannen: The pillar I2 is mounted on a carriage 14'arranged to run 7 on rollers IS in a pair of tracks I! supported on a pair of side frames 18, guide -rollers-l9 (one spring loaded) being provided mejrs tead m ztne, carriage during its movement. The carriage l4 is driven along the track I l by means of a chain 2Lmountedonsprockets Hand 23, a drivin pin 24 being attached totlie carriage I 4 and ar-f ranged .to pass through. the chain 2|. The sprocket 122 .isformedl on the outer member of a slipping clutch niechanismifi, the inner member of' which is attached to ashaft 2'! mounted in suitable bearings in thelside'frames H3. The shaft .21 .is driven' through chain and sprocket gearing 28' bya combined motor and reduction gear 29. 'Themotor 2911s ofthe variable speed type and is controlled by a rheostat 30. A reversing switch 25 is provided in the circuit of the motor 29 so thatthe carriage M can be driven in both directions. The armature shaft of the 'motor' ,isjarrangedtodrive a generator 3! the outputof which is measured byavoltmeter 32 for a purpose which will .be' apparent from later description Q Freelyfmounted on theshaft 21 is a gear. Q33 thefboss' of which is] rotatably supported inl'vajbearing" in the frontjframe l8 andhas se- I cured"tojitsouterface a pointer 34. The gear 33 isjdriven throughintermediate gearing 36 by a geart'lfiformed on thejfoliter member of the slippingifclutch mechanism .26, the ratio of the earing being such "as tofl cause the pointer 34 I tojrnalgeone complete revolution while the carriagejlfi trayels from oneelnd of the track II to the :jothen iiThe. pointer 34 co -operates with a graduated; disc 38 attached to the front frame [8 for apurpose which will be' apparentfrom later description. g

ounted'in 'suitable'bearings in the side frames iii s 'a' shaft. 4l which is driven-j by the gear 33 through fa, further gear 42,' at' the same rate'as the pointer 34. The shaft H extends through therear frame wand i'sconnected by means of a universal joint 43 to a further shaft 44 mounted in a -bracl 'etf46. f Mounted; on the shaft 4 4 is a cylindrical flange 41 attachedto the periphery ofjwhich is a transparent cylindrical member 48 which is provided with circumferential graduations corresponding to those of the disc 38. An electric lamp 49 is supported inside the member 48f'and co-operatesjwith a mask 5| and a lens 52*f orprpose 'whic'h'will be apparent from a feffie rir e MQlllllliiid'OHthf-l 'Sid frames lfli sa structure 53 which supports a lamp house 54in which is mounteda-n electric lamp 56 of the type commonly'used in projectors, the centre of the lamp being disposed-'in'lihe with the model H. The front wall' of the lamp house 54 is formed with an aperture 59agai-hstfwhich thelamp 56 is disposed. The intensity of thejlamp56 is controlledby a resistance 60 Mounted on top of the lamp house 54 is a combined motor and reduction gear 6| which drives a rotatable member 62 provided with four radial arms 63. Depending from each arm 63 is a rod 64 which carries at its lower end an aircraft model 66 in line with the centre of the lamp 56. The rods 64 are adjustably mounted so that they can bemovedi both circumferentially and laterally of the arms 63. The combined mo- 1 tor and reduction gear Bl is of the variable speed type andis controlled by a rheostat 61. The ar- -mature shaft is arranged to drive a generator 68 the output of which is measured by a voltmeter 6}! for a purpose which will be apparent from later description; 3' x The beam-of light from the lamp 56 is directed on to a projection screen 75 on the opposite side of which is arranged a pair of training guns H arranged on a suitable mount I 77 for simultaneous operation and adapted to be used by the gunners under training. Mounted on one of the guns is a projector 18 fitted with a ring and bead graticule oflkn'own type and arranged to project animage of the ring, and-bead onto the screen 16.. Fittedon the other gun is a .synthetic shot consisting of a projector 19 arrangedupon operationto project 'a ring of light representing a bullet group, on to the screen 16 The projector 19. is mounted on a rotatable disc 8! formed with ajpointer 82 whichco-operates with a. graduated scaleon, a stationary disc 83. vThe lamp of the projector l9is.controlled by Ya-switch connected to-the trigger 277 of the gun on which the projectorismounted. i. 5 f v.

The function of the. apparatus described above and several examplesoftraining practices that can beucarriedlout with the aid of the apparatus Wfllnowbedescribed. f o

g The. lamp 55 in co-operation with the aperture 5} throws a'beam of light on to the screen 16 whiehiispf a translucent natureso that any images projected on to thescreen can be seen on b th sideslof the screen. ,Moving background effects are produced by the provision ofa cylindrical transparent member .84 on which cloud eiiects are superimposed. Stationary background eiiects are produced' by a transparent member iifipsimilarly provided with-cloud effects, supportedinaj rametl. Coloured *efiects are pro ducedfbya'disc BBprovided with several trans parent-windows of .difierent colours and one clear aperture .for use when no coloured'efiects are desired. The disc 88 is. rotatably mounted on the front wall of the lamphouse-54 so that the var! ious windows can be moved into position inv front of the aperture 59 as desired, 7 :FQI. practices'in aircraft recognition, the arms 63gand their associatedmechanism remain inoperative andthe rods, 64 are swung about the arms 3 t thehupner positions shown in chain-dotted linesinFigurel The appropriate window in the disc 88' is moved into position in front .of the aperture 53," the transparent member 861s re; moved or left infpositionas, desired and the cylindrical transparent member 184 is raised, by means of flexible supportsfli'i, out of thebeam of'light. An aircraftmodel ll, isfthen attached to th pil lar'l2 so that the beam. ofjlight produces an image of themodelonthe screen 16.. By means of therballjoint {3. the model I I can be moved into variouspo'sitions so as to show'on the screen imagesfrepresenting an aircraft viewed from a varietyofianglesfi The carriage l4 may also be moved along the tracks I! o that the. image on the screen. will represent the same aircraft at diiferent ranges. Examples of the efiectspbmodels H are screen F6 are in the nature of silhouettes, it will be seen-that the picture presented to the trainees i'svery realistic and closely approaching the actual conditions met with in practice, particularlywhen using a coloured beamofligh-t to represent twilight conditions;

Some types of aircraft when viewed at a certain angle arevery; similar, and in'order toshow several such types together their most confusing attitudes, a supplementary support 91 may be placedon topof the tracks l'l'. In such a case-the supplementary support H may carry two models of'similarsize while the pillar I? maycarry a model'of a difi'erent size; The carriage Mf may then be moved along; the tracks I! until the silhouette produced by the model onthe pillar l2 is the same size as thoseproduced by the models onthe support 9i. The eiTect obtained is illus-- trated in Figure 8-. The models may then be 7 turned slightly-ontheir supports when the differences between the aircraft represented become more apparent as shownin; Figure 9;

j In practices in range estimation, each gunner in'turn takes-up a position behind the guns 1-"! and a ring andbead; H6 is projected on to the screen by the; projector 18. The ring and? bead projectedis equivalent to what'is known as a 50mi'1e'pe1" hour ring and bead, and the projector" i har monizedwi-th a skeleton sight 92, of the type usedv in actual practice, so that by looking through the skeleton sight the gunner gets the impression of a normal sight. An aircraft model is attached to the pillar i2 and the carriage M set in motion by means of the; motor 29.- The length oftravel of the carriage M along the tracks I1 is representative or a certain range, say from 1*,000 yards to 150 yards. The disc and the cylindrical memben 48 are graduated accordingly so that at any position ofthe carriage H along the track the range at which the aircraft, representedby the silhouette on the screen is deemed to be flying is shownon the graduated disc 38andcan beprojectedon to the screen from'thecylindrical member. by the light 49 and the, lens52. In the circuits; of the motor '29 and the light 49 is a switch connected to the trigger of one of the gunsgfl so that upon pressure of the trigger the motor is stopped and the light 49-.i switched on.. The speed of the motor is determined by the rheostat 30,, and as mentioned abov the output of the generator 31 is measured on .the voltmeter 3%,thqscale of which is calibrated so as to show the aircraft speeds represented by different, mo-.

torspeecls. Itwillthusbe seen that the model I l, during its travel from the end of the tracks ['1' nearest to the screen I6 to the other end, will produce on the screen the effect of an aircraft corresponding to the model ll approaching from a range of 1,000 yards to 150 yards,

Assuming that previous instruction has been giyento the gunners concerning the different wing spans and other dimension of the various types of aircraft, their division into approximate size classes, and the subtention of the sight ring at various ranges, it will be seen that, as the apparatus is 'setin motion and the model H starts to move; from the position of maximum range towards thelight source, the gunner under trainable, after identifying the aircrait'repreented by the silhouette on the screen, to manipulate his guns until the silhouetteappearsa central position in the ring projections on-the;

screen as shown Figure-- 10. Having identified the aircraft and its size class he i's'able to-dec-ide the proportion of the ring to be filled by the airs craft at the ranges under which he is being ex amined. As soon as he decides that the.- aircraft is filling the appropriate proportion'of the rin one carrying the switch mentioned above for stop ping the motor 29- and switching on the lizghtfifl, i

whereupon the motor 29 becomes inoperative and the carriage l4 carrying the model I lstops, while: at the same time, the light 49 inside the gradih ated member 48 is switched on with the-result that the range represented by the size of the im age on the screen is projected on to the screen by the len 52 so that the gunner can see at once the result of his practice. After any: necessary corrections have been given, the apparatus i'sstarted up again and the-gunner again presses the trigger when he considers the; aircraft to be at the next range as shown in Figure 11. b

In practices involving tracerpractic'e the grati cule is removed from the projector i8 and re placed by one having superimposed on the 'ri-ng' and bead a representation of tracer ammunition being fired from the guns, as shown in Eigure 12?. In this case the model is manipulated as before and the gunner is able to carry out various pre tices appertaining to the use of tracer ammunition. Different graticules having diiierenttrace effects are used as required to illustrate'the different conditions met with in actual opere tions;' In order to make the practice more realistic; mov

ing background effects are provided; by lowering the cylindrical member 8' 1 and starting the motor 6|, the rods 64, of course, being in their upper positions. i I

For practices involving relative speed; estimation, the model H is dispensed with, the pillar};- removed from the carriage l4 and the motor 28 and its associated mechanism becomes inoperative. The cylindricalmember 84 is raised out of the beam of light and the rods 64 are brought to their lower positions to bring the models (it in line with the axis of the beam. In this. practice it is preferred to use the stationary background effect provided by the transparent member, 36. The coloured effects obtainable by manipulation of the disc 88 are used as required. The motor BI is set in motion so that the models fifiare C ried in turn by the arms 63 across the beam of light so as to cause a silhouette of the modeltto' pass across the screen. The speed of rotation of the arms 63 is adjusted by'the rheostat 67; the adjustment being determined by the scale of the voltmeter 69 which is calibrated in miles per hour representing the relative speed at which the aircraft represented by the silhouette is deemed to be, flying. In this case, the effect on the screen of aircraft flying at diiierent ranges is obtained by slidingthe rods 64 radially-on their arms 63 fromv one position to another, as shown by chain-dotted lines in Figure 1. With the silhouettes thus travelling in succession across the screen the gunner under training, after identifying the air craft represented by the silhouette, manipulates, the handles 31'! of the guns l1 so as to hold the silhouette in the centre of the ring projection so as to estimate the range, and then," holding the guns steady, allows the silhouette to track across the ring projection so as to note the time taken. From previous instruction heis thenable tween one or more of .saidmodels craft is deemed'zto be; flying. Having-1 estimated: the relative speed, he then-manipulates therguns so that :the" silhouette is placed at the appro-i I priate position" in r'elation' :to the centre" of g the ring for that relativespeed (see Figures 13 and.

14) and presses the tl'lggBITZIT of the-gun carry,

ing-the projector-l9. 1i Theirproiector 19; Winch has :previously been'set' by :the instructor to'. the

correct allowance for the speed at which the sil-,.

houette is travelling across-the screen thereupon projects Ta bullet-group on ito'the screen, and-ii" thegunner has estimated correctlyj the bullet group will be superimposed on the moving =silhouette. V i .LIt-shouldbe understood. that, 'whilst four models are'used in the practice just described; the passing of each model through the beam of light is a repetition of the practice; the use of more than one model merely shortening the wait; ing period that would otherwise occur from the time thatthev model passed out. of the beam'of light until it again passediinto it.

The apparatus described above is simple and efiective for the purposes described. ,It will be understood, however, that many modifications may be, made to simulate more'closely actual tar'-' get conditions. For instance, for purposes of ad vanced training in relative speed and range esti mation, the arms 63 and their driving mechanism;

may be dispensed with entirely and thecarriage l4 together with its supporting and driving mechanism may be caused to move transversely "of thebeam of light, e. g., by pivoting the portion of the framework carrying the carriage l4 and its .driv-j ing-mechanism about a vertical axis disposed at the end of the apparatus remote from ,the screen; so that a model II on the pillar 12 may be caused to move transversely "of the beam of light atjth'e same time as it travels towards the source of light. In this manner, the silhouette on; the screen will simulate variation in range, ,a t,the' same time as relative speed. a i

1. Apparatus for trainingv gunners comprising a screen, means for projecting a beam of lighton to the screen, and one or more target models.

disposed within the beam of light'so as to produceon the screen an ima e or images ofsaid model or models, the arrangement being such that a relative movement can be brought about be and/or the light-projecting means so; as to-vary;

the position and/or. size of said in1ag e or images; 55

on the screen. v V 2. Apparatus ,accordingto claim-1, wherein a target model is mounted on a carriage arranged.

to'travel along a track towards and away-from the screen in a directionparallel to the axis of thebeamoflight. Y v 3. Apparatus according to claim t-whereinthe indicating device comprises means for project: ing onto the screen the indicatedrange. 4.- Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the targetv model is supported ona-pillar pivotally mounted on the carriage-in a univ'ersal mannerand means are provided for effecting pivotal movement of the pillar during movement of -the carriage so as tosimulate various movements ofthe-target duringapproach.v 5 5.Apparatus according. to claim 1,-wher'ein' a target model is arranged to move transversely'of. thebeamoflight.-

6. Apparatus according-to claim- 7, wherein means are provided for'varying' therateof moveto determine; the relative speed'atiwhich th'ejair-=' ment 1of-;t he target model-and; whereinrthereds provided an indicating device showing the speed 'fi nted by .t 'r te of movement of the mage onthe screen," 1

'1; Apparatus for training gunners comprising ascre n, means ior projecting a beam 'ofJight; on to the screen, one ormore;target models disposed withimthe beam of light so as to produce on the-screen an-image or images of saidmodel.

or-models; the arrangementbeing such thata relative movement can be brought about between;

one or more of said modelsand the screen and/or thelight projecting means so as to vary the po-- sition and/or size of said image or images on the screen, a carriage having guided-movement toward and away from said screen in a; direction parallel to the axis of the beam of light, said tar get-modelsbeing mounted on said carriage, and

an indicating-device showing the range represented-by thesize of the image on thescreen; 8.-Inan. apparatusior training gunners, target models,- a carriagehaving "guided movement} means connecting each ofsaidmodels for movement with said carriage and also for adjustment with respect thereto,- and a translucent screen to receive images of said models when the latter are subjected to a beam of light. a a v v 9. In an apparatus'for training gunners, target models, a rotor, means supporting each ofsaid models on said rotor formovementfor emitting a light beam, and a screen in' the path of said beam, each of said models being adthe image ofsaid graticule, the arrangement e.

ing such that a relative movement can be brought aboutlbetween themodel and the screen and/or the light. projecting-means so as to vary the po-' sitio'nland/or size of saidimage on the screen}.

11-. Apparatus for training gunners: comprising ascreenprovided' with a representation of agun sight,'.means for projecting a beam of light-onto. the screen, ands. target model disposed -witl'iin' thebe'am'fof light and mounted on a-carriage arra ed to travel along a track towards and awayfrom the' screen in a direction parallel to the axis ofthe beam of light soas to produce on the screenan image of said model that is .variable in size in-relation to said representation of a gun sight in accordance with the movement of 'said car- 1 1age.-.. 12.1'Apparatus for. trainin gunners comprisin'gfa screen, means for projecting a beam of light on to the screen, atargetfmodel'disposed within the beam of rlig'ht and .mounted ona-carr'iage arranged. to travel along a 'tracktoWards and, away. from the screen i in a. directionlparallel .t'o the'f'axisfotthebeam of light so asto produce on the screen an image of said model'that is va-. riable'in size in accordance-withthe movement of said carriage, aTtraininggun-or equivalent device .for. manipulation by the gunner, means 7 on said un-for projectingan imagetof a ring and bead. graticule. on to' the' screen, and a skeleton gun sighti carried by said said skeleton gun Y there with and alsoadjustment to difieren't positions with respect thereto, a stationary sourc of light sight being harmonized with the means for projecting the image of the ring and bead graticule.

13. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein there is provided an indicating device showin the range represented by the size of the image on the screen.

14. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein there is provided an indicating device showing the range represented by the size of the image on the screen.

15. Apparatus for training gunners comprising a screen, means for projecting a beam of light on to the screen, a target model disposed within the beam of light and mounted on a carriage arranged to travel alon a track towards and away from the screen in a direction parallel to the aXis of the beam of light so as to produce on the screen an image of said model that is variable in size in accordance with the movement of said carriage, means for driving the carriage at a predetermined rate, a training gun device for manipulation by the gunner, means on said gun for projecting an image of'a ring and bead graticule on to the screen, a skeleton gun sight carried by said gun, said skeleton gun sight being harmonized with the means for projecting the image of the ring and bead graticule, an indicating device in association with said driving means for showing the range represented by the size of the image on the screen, and means operable by the trigger of said gun for Stopping said driving means.

16. Apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the target model is supported on a pillar pivotally mounted on the carriage in a universal manner, and means are provided for efiecting pivotal movement of the pillar during movement of the carriage so as to simulate various movements of the target during approach.

1'7. Apparatus for training gunners comprising a screen, means for projecting a beam of li ht on to the screen, a target model disposed within the beam of light so as to produce on the screen an image of said model, means for moving image on the screen.

19. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein means are provided for varying the rate of movement of the target model and wherein there is provided an indicating device showin the speed represented by the rate of movement of the image on the screen.

2(1 Apparatus according to claim 1'7, wherein the target model is mounted on a rotatable arm,

the axis of rotation of the arm being perpendicular to the axis of the beam of light so as to cause said model to pass transversely through the beam of light during rotation of the arm.

21. Apparatus according to claim 1'7, comprising a device mounted on said gun for projecting on to the screen a circle of light representing a bullet group, and means for setting said device in relation to said gun sight to allow for the rate of travel of the target model.

22. Apparatus according to claim 1'7, comprising a device mounted on said gun and operable by the trigger of said gun for projecting on to the screen a circle of light representing a bullet group, and means for setting said device in relation to said gun sight to allow for the rate of travel of the target-model.

23. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a target model is mounted on a carriage arranged to travel along a track towards and away from the screen in a direction parallel to the axis of the beam of light,.and wherein there is provided a rotor, and means on said rotor in the path of said light beam to produce additional scenic effects on the screen in conjunction with said image.

LOUIS GEORGE JOHNSON. ALFRED GERMAN ROSE. 

